1- Genetic Counseling Services   Many indications exist for genetic counseling. Referrals are especially recommended in the following situations: • A personal or family history of a genetic disorder   • Evaluation of developmental delay, mental retardation, and/or birth defects • Carrier testing due to consanguinity or high incidence rate in the population (e.g: FMF, beta-thalassemia) • A previous child with a birth defect or mental retardation • A personal history of multiple miscarriages     • The risk of recurrence of a genetic disorder     • The diagnosis or care of a genetic disorder         2- Cytogenetics   Chromosome analyses includes:   • Blood   Chromosome   Analysis   recommended  for couples  with   recurrent   miscarriage;  parents   of  a  child with  a  chromosome  defect;  evaluation  for  mental retardation; evaluation  for  infertility;  or  a  family  history  of  a chromosome defect.   • FISH Studies recommended to rule out specific microdeletions/duplications, identify marker chromosomes or to characterize rearrangements. • Prenatal FISH studies recommended for rapid fetal aneuploidy screening for chromosomes 13,18,21,XY • Preimplantation Genetic diagnosis FISH studies recommended for chromosome aneuploidy screening and sex selection for X-linked disorders, following IVF procedure.   Soon: Subtelomeric FISH Studies - recommended for idiopathic mental `retardation / developmental delay / malformations     3- DNA Diagnostics   Molecular diagnostic assays provide the most direct approach to determine whether an individual carries a disease-associated gene mutation. These tests are particularly well-suited to prenatal diagnosis, presymptomatic diagnosis, as well as carrier detection, and genetic screening.               •  Hemoglobin disorders •  Thrombosis Risk Factor Mutations   Alpha-thalassemia Beta-thalassemia Sickle Cell Anemia   Factor V-Leiden Factor II MTHFR         •  Hemophilia •  Oncology   Factor VIII   Chromosome translocation (9;22) Chromosome translocation (15;17)         •  Single gene defects   •  Rapid Ante-natal screening   Cystic Fibrosis FMF Fragile X Spinal Muscular Atrophy     Trisomy (13,18, 21) Rhesus-D           •  Male infertility   •  Forensic   Y-deletion     Paternity testing           •  Pathogene: prenatal detection         Toxoplasma identification             Soon: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for HLA/beta - thalassemia-recommended for couples at risk of transmitting beta-thalassemia in order to avoid termination of affected pregnancies.